Inter-fractional anatomic variation in patients treated with respiration-gated radiotherapy

Abstract

Abstract: As quality assurance for respiration-gated treatments using the Varian RPM system, we monitor inter-fractional diaphragm variation throughout treatment using extra anterior-posterior portal images. We measure the superior-inferior distance between one or more bony landmarks and the ipsilateral diaphragm dome in each such radiograph and calculate its difference, D, from the corresponding distance in a planning CT scan DRR. For each patient, the mean of D represents the systematic diaphragm displacement and the standard deviation of D represents random diaphragm variations and is a measure of inter-fractional gating reproducibility. We present results for 31 sequential patients (21 lung, 10 liver tumors), each with at least 8 such portal images. For all patients, the gate included end-exhale. The patient-specific duty cycle ranged from 30-60%. All patients received customized audio-prompting for simulation and treatment and 14 patients also received visual prompting. Respiration-synchronized fluoroscopic movies taken at a conventional simulator revealed patient-specific diaphragm excursions from 1.0-5.0 cm and diaphragm excursion within the gate from 0.5-1.0 cm, demonstrating a significant reduction of intra-fractional diaphragm (and by inference tumor) motion by respiratory gating. One standard deviation of the systematic displacement (the mean of D) was 0.63 cm and 0.48 cm for the lung and liver patient groups, respectively. The average  1 standard deviation of the random displacements (i.e. the average of the standard deviations of D) was 0.42  0.11 cm and 0.50  0.19 for the two groups, respectively. The similar magnitude of the systematic and random displacements suggests that both derive from a common distribution of inter-fractional variations. Combining visual with audio prompting did not significantly improve performance, as judged by D. Guided by these portal images, field changes were made during the course of treatment for 6 patients (1 lung, 5 liver).